El Concepto Mulligan




EL CONCEPTO MULLIGAN 



El tratamiento fisioterapéutico de las lesiones músculo esqueléticas ha evolucionado bastante desde sus inicios basados en ejercicios activos y gimnásticos hasta los movimientos pasivos fisiológicos aplicados por el terapeuta y las técnicas accesorias. El concepto de movilización con movimiento de Brian Mulligan es la continuación lógica de esta evolución con la aplicación simultánea de movimientos accesorios por parte del terapeuta y movimientos fisiológicos generados por el paciente. Estas técnicas fueron desarrolladas en Nueva Zelandia durante su época de instructor del programa de diplomado de la Asociación de terapia manipulativas de Nueva Zelanda y durante 30 años de su práctica privada. En un primer momento se utilizo en columna cervical pero rápidamente La Movilización con Movimiento encontró su camino en el tratamiento de disfunciones articulares periféricas y ha tenido tanto un notable refinamiento clínico como expansión a todas las áreas de la columna y la mayoría de las articulaciones de las extremidades.

Principios de Tratamiento

En la aplicación de técnicas de terapia manual los fisioterapeutas aceptan que las contraindicaciones al tratamiento existen y deben ser respetadas en todo momento. Los siguientes principios básicos han sido desarrollados en forma específica para la aplicación de Movilización con Movimiento (MCM):

1. Durante la evaluación el terapeuta identificara uno o más signos comparables como los descritos por Maitland. Estos signos pueden ser; Perdida del movimiento articular, dolor asociado con el movimiento, o dolor asociado con actividades funcionales especificas. (Ej.: dolor en cara lateral del codo con extensión resistida de muñeca, Tensión neural adversa)

2. Una movilización articular accesoria pasiva es aplicada siguiendo los principios de Kaltenborn (Ej. paralelo o perpendicular al plano articular) Este deslizamiento accesorio debe ser libre de dolor.

3. El terapeuta debe continuamente monitorear las reacciones del paciente para asegurarse que no se recree el dolor. Utilizando su conocimiento de artrokinematica, un buen desarrollado sentido de tensión tisular y el razonamiento clínico, el terapeuta investiga varias combinaciones de deslizamientos paralelos o perpendiculares para encontrar el plano de tratamiento correcto y grado de movimiento accesorio.

4. Mientras se sostiene el deslizamiento accesorio, el paciente es solicitado para realizar el signo comparable. El signo comparable ahora debería estar significativamente mejor (Ej. Aumento del rango activo de movimiento, contracción muscular y abolición del dolor original)

5. El fracaso al mejorar los signos comparables indicaría que el terapeuta no ha encontrado el plano de tratamiento correcto, el grado de movilización, el segmento espinal o que la técnica no es la indicada.

6. La actividad o el movimiento previo restringido es repetido por el paciente mientras que el terapeuta continúa manteniendo el deslizamiento accesorio apropiado. Notables mejoras se esperan con la repetición durante una sesión de tratamiento particularmente cuando se aplica una sobre presión libre de dolor. El autotratamiento es frecuentemente posible usando los principios del MCM con tapes adhesivos deportivos o con el propio paciente generando el componente de deslizamiento al mismo tiempo que realiza el movimiento activo fisiológico. El dolor es siempre la guía. Las MCM exitosas deben reproducir los signos comparables sin dolor mientras que mejora la función durante la aplicación de la técnica. Las mejoras mantenidas son necesarias para justificar intervenciones siguientes.

NAGS

En la columna cervical, Mulligan describe una técnica de terapia manual oscilatoria de rango medio a rango final que se realiza en la posición sedente. Como la fuerza de deslizamiento del terapeuta es siempre realizada paralela a la superficie de la articulación apofisiaria bajo tratamiento, esta técnica ha sido llamada “Natural Apophyseal Glides” o NAGS (Deslizamientos Apofisiarios Naturales o DANS Estas técnicas encuentran buenos resultados tanto en la columna cervical como en la columna torácica superior.
Los DANS proveen al terapeuta la oportunidad de evaluar y tratar al paciente en una posición de carga de peso en cadena cinemática cerrada donde la mayoría de pacientes presentan o experimentan sus síntomas. Son muy frecuentemente indicadas en el tratamiento de ancianos y altamente usadas en el manejo de pacientes agudos post traumáticos cuando otras técnicas no son toleradas.

SNAGS

LA otra técnica de tratamiento de Mulligan incluye la aplicación concurrente tanto del terapeuta, al aplicar un deslizamiento articular apofisiario accesorio y la del paciente al realizar un movimiento fisiológico activo al final del rango. Como estas técnicas son mantenidas al final de rango libre de dolor al final del movimiento y siguen el plano de las articulaciones apofisiarias bajo tratamiento, han recibido el nombre de “Deslizamientos Apofisiarios Naturales Mantenidos ("Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glides". "SNAGS") .



Mulligan dice que este es un enfoque único porque:
1. Son realizados en posición de carga de peso
2. Son movilizaciones combinadas con movimientos filológicos activos o pasivos
3. Siguen las reglas de Kaltenborn sobre el plano de tratamiento
4. Son mantenidos al final del rango donde la sobre presión libre de dolor debe ser aplicada
5. Son aplicables a todas las articulaciones vertebrales
6. Permiten al terapeuta a decidir si son indicadas y si vendrán a formar parte del tratamiento
7. Son indoloras cuando son realizadas correctamente
8. Producen una mejora en el dolor y función inmediatas y a mediano plazo

Movilización con Movimiento Periférico. (MWMs)

Las movilizaciones con movimiento en las articulaciones periféricas son también la simultánea combinación de técnicas de deslizamiento accesorio aplicadas por el terapeuta y el paciente al generar movimientos fisiológicos. Son aplicables a la mayoría de articulaciones de las extremidades y provocan una inmediata y mantenida mejora en el movimiento y la función.

Los Fisioterapeutas que buscan expander su tratamiento básico a un tratamiento más analítico basado en evidencias sólidas, anatomía, artrocinematica y biomecánica encontraran esta metodología de intervención gratificante tanto para los pacientes como para su propio desarrollo profesional.
Mulligan admite que el descubrimiento de los SNAGS, NAGS y MWMs fue una casualidad y por lo tanto alienta a sus estudiantes a emular a Luis Pasteur quien sentencio “ En el campo del descubrimiento científico la suerte solo favorece a las mentes preparadas”.

Lic. Shalom Benamú

Curso Concepto Mulligan

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